工作时间被定义为人们花在工作上创造经济或社会价值的时间（国民健康调查问卷2010）。家庭是社会组织由婚姻关系的基本单元，并采用血（Hofferth，底波拉1987）。工作家庭平衡是指工作（事业和志向）和家庭（儿童保育、健康、休闲）之间的可接受的地位，因为它与宗教、政策和文化的关系较少，因而被广泛接受。
许多学者和企业管理者致力于找到平衡工人工作时间和家庭生活的方法。工作与家庭之间的不平衡是由婚姻冲突的增加说明（Paden，比勒1995），较少的儿童保健（林德伯格1996），在家务和哺乳期的女职工不参与短期（奥尔德斯英语1998）。杰夫瑞（2001）认为工作弹性对工作和家庭生活的平衡有着积极的影响。Jill Kiecolt（2003）认为，文化没有直接关系的影响工作和家庭生活。这些学术文献提供了什么是工作家庭溢出的基本信息，以及如何改变坏的情况，但不涉及工作时间对家庭生活的影响。杰佛逊和艾丽森（2007）试图在他们的论文中向我们展示家庭和睦的工作时间，并得出结论：经济地位和文化可以极大地影响它。杰森（2007）在他们的论文中指出，长时间的工作会让女性感觉更好，但对家庭、健康、就业的影响却不确定。这些文献说明了工作时间对家庭生活的影响，但并没有给出具体的结论，特别是对于长时间工作的妇女而言。本报告将重点讨论妇女长期工作时间与家庭生活之间的关系。
这份报告将基于一个假设，即较长的妇女工作时间对家庭生活不利。为了证明这一假设，本报告安排如下：（1）说明研究方法：（2）通过问卷调查收集数据；（3）讨论问卷调查结果并给出结论。
方法论
本研究主要以开放式问题和封闭式问题为主要研究对象，封闭式问题因其关注固定主题而占有较大比重，开放性问题旨在为以后的研究提供证据。这些问题集中在较长的妇女工作时间对家庭生活的影响上。
有80个来自4个国家的代表参加了本次调查，分别来自中国、加拿大、英国和日本，四个国家可以代表不同的文化和工作环境，结果更具代表性。而且参与者主要是年龄在30-45岁，大多数人已经建立起来的家庭，有稳定的职业；他们的答案比其他群体更具有说服力。这些参与者主要来自我同学的亲属，他们通过网上张贴问卷来回应被调查者的保密性。
问卷通过校友发给亲朋好友，平均每30个国家通过电子邮件发送问卷，有效问卷只有80份。然而，一些限制应考虑：首先是样本量较小，只有80份有效问卷；其次，一些因素决定家庭生活质量是不正确的定义，例如，不照顾孩子的代表是伴随着母亲的平均时间事实上，一些孩子只在周末呆在家里。这些限制将影响研究的准确性。
社会科学assignment代写:工作时间对家庭生活的影响
Affecting the global gloomy economy, more and more families bear economic stresses. To support their families, family members are willing to work longer hours and bear more stress. However, children care and health are negatively influenced by the longer working hours. The conflict between long working hour and family life still exists in every corner of world. It is still debate about how to balance working hours and family life.
Working hours is defined to be the hours that people spend on the work to create economic or social value (National Health Interview Survey 2010). Family is the basic unit of social organization composed by the relation of marriage, blood and adoption (Hofferth, Deborah 1987). The work-family balance refers to an both acceptable status between work (career and ambition) and family (child care, health, leisure), which is wildly accepted everywhere because of its less relation with religion, policy and culture.
Many scholars and corporate managers are dedicated to finding out ways to balance the workers’ working hours and family life. The unbalance between work and family are illustrated by increasing conflicts in marriage (Paden, Buehler 1995), less children care (Lindberg 1996), less involvement in housework and short period of breast-feeding for female workers (Aldous elt 1998). Also, Jeffrey (2001) argues the job flexibility has positive effect on balancing work and family life through quantitative analysis. Jill Kiecolt (2003) believes that culture has no direct effect on the relation between work and family life. Those academic literatures provide the basic information of what is the work-family spillover and how to change the bad situation, but not involved in the impact of working hours on family life. Jefferson and Alison (2007) tried to show us the family-friendly working hours in their paper, and concluded economic status and culture can greatly affect it. Jason (2007) in their paper shows the long working hours make women fell better but has uncertain impact on family, health, employment. Those literatures illustrates the impact of working hours on family life, however they did not give a concrete conclusion, especially for women long working hours. This report will focus on the relationship between women’s long working hours and family life.
This report will be based on a hypothesis that longer women’s working hours has negative on family life. To prove this hypothesis, the report is arranged as following: (1) illustrating the methodology of the research; (2) collecting the data by questionnaires ;(3) discussing the results of questionnaires and giving a conclusion.
Methodology
This research was conducted by the questionnaires that mainly made up both open questions and closed questions, and closed questions take up large proportion because they can focus on the fixed topics, the open questions are aimed to provide the proof for the future research. The questions focused on the impact of longer women’s working hours on their family life.
There are 80 participants from 4 countries participated in this survey, respectively from China, Canada, England and Japan, four countries can represent different cultures and working environments, the results are more representative. And also the participants are mainly aged from 30-45, most of who have built up the families and have stable careers; their answers are more persuasive than other groups. Those participants are mainly from the relatives of my schoolmates, they respond to the questionnaires by posted online which preserve the respondents’ confidentiality.
The questionnaires were handed out to the relatives and friends through my schoolmates, 30 questionnaires were sent to each country by email on average, and then only 80 questionnaires were effective, which is a surprise for this survey. However, some limitations should be taken into consideration: the first is from smaller sample size with only 80 effective questionnaires; secondly, some factors determining family life quality are not correctly defined, for example, less children care is represented by the hours accompanied by mothers on average, in fact, some children only stay at home on weekends. The limitations will affect the accuracy of the research.
