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澳洲 marketing Assignment 代写
COLOR DESIGN IN HEALTHCARE

ENVIRONMENTS:

THEORETICAL

OBSERVATIONS

Benyamin Schwarz and Ruth Brent Tofle

University of Missouri, MO

Introduction
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The growing demand for research-based knowledge for the

application of color in healthcare design prompted the

Coalition for Health Environments Research (CHER) to

initiate this project. CHER has rightly observed that the

evidence-based knowledge for making informed decisions

regarding color application was not readily available. While

healthcare providers and practitioners in the field have

searched for empirical reasoning for color guidelines,

healthcare designers continue to make decisions concerning

color with unsubstantiated knowledge. This paper is the

result of this funded initiative.

The main purpose of this study has been to review the

existing research literature on the relationship between

people and color in the environment with special emphasis

on the design of healthcare environments. (The complete

report of this study was published by CHER (Brent Tofle,

et al. 2004).

The knowledge base has been fragmented, sporadic,

conflicting, anecdotal, and loosely tested. Thus this study

has been an attempt to separate common myths and realities

in color studies. From the onset of this project we made an

attempt to answer two fundamental questions:

What is empirically known about human responses to

color and how, if at all, color influences human

perception or behavior in a specific setting?

Which color design guidelines for healthcare

environments, if any, have been supported by scientific

research findings?

Methods

Utilizing online searches of existing bibliographies and

databases in multiple disciplines, systematic research was

conducted. In addition, resources from color industries that

were made available to the public were examined to the

extent possible.

Over 3000 titles were scanned for information on color

theory, research, and resources for the healthcare industry.

Databases such as PsychINFO, Avery Index, WorldCat,

HealthSource, HealthSTAR, as well as Internet search

engines including LookSmart, MSN, Google, and Yahoo,

were searched for references on the topic. Available copies

of the literature were reviewed, seeking to evaluate the

information for empirically based evidence of the service

of color to the health field. Unfortunately, citations in

languages other than English were excluded.

Following the compilation of the bibliographic list, a first

draft of the report was submitted to an expert panel of leading

designers in healthcare design and primary scholars in the

field of color and health environment research. The

monograph was revised based upon the expert panel

members’ comments and recommendations.

Color and Healthcare: A Summary of the Findings

While the research literature of studies about color use in

healthcare environments is fragmented and inconclusive,

there is considerable agreement among designers, providers

of care and other practitioners that healthcare environments

should be friendly, therapeutic, and promote healing to the

greatest extent possible. Advocates of evidence-based

decisions in the design process of healthcare facilities agree

that designers need to consider the functional and perceptual

needs of several user groups—the patients, caregivers,

visitors, and the community at large (Ruga, 1997).

However, in many of the reported studies the sample sizes

were limited, and almost no studies have been replicated to

澳洲 marketing Assignment 代写
validate findings. Furthermore, because of lack of valid

research, findings regarding physiological and psychological

effects of color have been repeatedly taken out of their

laboratory context and applied indiscriminately to various

healthcare environments.

What did we learn from the literature review, and what are

implications of this knowledge on colors in the healthcare

environment? The following is the summary of the findings.

There are no direct linkages between particular colors

and health outcomes of people. The literature search

could not elicit sufficient evidence to the causal

relationship between settings painted in particular colors

and patients’ healthcare outcomes.

No evidence for a direct connection among colors in

the environment and emotional states could be found

in the literature. Specifying particular colors for

healthcare environments in order to influence emotional

states, mental or behavioral activities, is simply an

unproductive practice. It is not enough to claim what

color can do for people; it is important to distinguish

between the explicitly stated aim of such assertions and

their latent function. Spaces do not become “active”,

“relaxing”, or “contemplative” only because of their

specified color.

At the same time, there are demonstrable perceptual

impressions of color applications that can affect the

experience and performance of people in particular