Review & Facility Design Tips
TOPIC 12
Topic 12 Learning Outcomes
Identify report types, and styles expected
with respect to report writing
To be able to construct a report using the
correct structure
Appreciate the importance of using the correct language style in report writing and the important role that editing plays in successful report production
Consider and apply graphics appropriate to a report
Explain and practice the use of referencing and the avoidance of plagiarism
Topic 12 Outline
Course Review
Report Writing
Writing Style
Referencing
Final Points
Learning Objectives
After successfully completing this course you should be
able to:
Explain how the demographic & psychographic characteristics of people influences their behaviour in tourism and leisure settings;
Demonstrate how people make decisions about tourist and leisure experiences;
Apply the concepts of tourist and leisure behaviour to evaluate and design successful on-site experiences and to solve problems in tourism and leisure settings; and
Understand the key psychological dimensions and approaches to measuring satisfaction
Major questions to answer by end of course:
Why do people participate in leisure activities such as travel or events?
What is the influence of a person’s:
age, gender, social class, ethnicity
personality, lifestyle, values, motives, etc.
  … on their decision to participate in leisure or take a trip?
Why and how do people choose one visitor experience or destination over another?
Can we categorise and segment tourist and visitor markets to predict their behaviour and spending patterns?
How do we measure the outcomes of tourist & visitor experiences (e.g. satisfaction, happiness, quality of life).
How can we use our understanding of people to design or improve tourist and visitor experiences?

Five-phase model of recreational experiences
Clawson & Knetsch (1966); Adapted from Page & Connell (2010)
Pearce’s (2005) Concept Map for Understanding Tourist Behaviour

Formal Report Expectations
All reports must meet certain criteria:
The content should be accurate
The purpose of the report should be apparent
The organisation & structure should be clear
The discussion should be coherent
The presentation of the report should be neat
The writing style should be clear and concise
Report Structure
Front Matter
Title Page
Executive Summary (Synopsis / Abstract)
Table of Contents (& List of Illustrations)

Body
Introduction
Findings [Results] &/or Discussion [aka Report Body]
Conclusion [& Recommendations]
End Matter
References / Bibliography
Appendices
[Glossary / List of Abbreviations / Index]
Report Structure – Facility Design
Front Matter
Title Page
Table of Contents
Body
Introduction
Report Body
Market segments, motivation, positioning & image, layout and presentation, orientation, experience management, service personnel & satisfaction [in any order]
Conclusion
End Matter
References
Appendices
Report Structure
Report Structure - Criteria

Report Structure: Headings
1.0  First-level heading
  1.1  Second-level heading
  1.2.  Second-level heading
  1.2.1  Third-level heading
  1.2.2  Third-level heading
  1.2.2.1  Fourth-level heading

2.0  First-level heading
  2.1  Second-level heading
  2.2  Second-level heading
                                               etc.

Consider using Graphics
Graphics convey information visually
Reinforce and complement the text
Clarify complex material
Show the total picture
Emphasise written ideas
Link ideas
Catch reader’s attention
Help reader remember information
Consider using Graphics
Consider using Graphics
Motives of three different theme park segments
Source: Pearce, 1991
Consider using Graphics
Important questions to ask in using graphics
Does the graphic used show the data clearly, without distorting the facts?
Is too little or too much information being presented?
Is the reader encouraged to analyse the data?
Has the most effective style of graphic been chosen for the data being represented?
Is the graphic supported by appropriate text coverage?
Have the correct labeling conventions been applied in presenting the graphic?  
Consider using Graphics - Criteria
Graphics & Labelling Conventions
Two main graphic types
Figures [graphs, photos, diagrams, maps, etc;]
Tables
Label graphics sequentially by type
e.g. Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3; Table 1, Table 2 etc…
or Figure 2.1, Figure 2.2, etc; within report sections
Placement
Table labels & titles above
Figure labels & title below
Report Presentation Tips
Use good quality, white A4 paper
Fonts should be 11-12 point (Arial, Helvetica, Times Roman or Calibri preferred)
Leave space for big margins (not less than 2.5 cm)
Use 1.5 line spacing
Start each section on a new page
Place headings on the left margin
Number all pages
Presentation can be single or double sided
Always proofread / edit the report
prior to submitting it
Keep a copy for yourself
Presentation Criteria
Writing Style & Formality
Academic & business contexts require formal writing
Avoid using the first person ‘I’ and do not address the reader as ‘you’.
Avoid contractions (e.g. won’t = will not).
Avoid run-on expressions: ‘and so forth’ and ‘etc’.
Avoid asking rhetorical questions such as ‘What can be done?’ Use statements instead, such as ‘X needs to be considered’.
Watch out for:
They’re, there, their
Its, It’s
Your, You’re
Writing Style & Formality
Choice between verb + preposition or a single verb
Single verb is more formal. For example:
  The manager looked at the way tension builds up during performance review meetings. (less formal style)
  The manager investigated the way tension develops during performance review meetings. (more formal style)
Do not place adverbs at the beginning or end of the sentence.
Do not write: Then the solution can be discarded.
Write: The solution can then be discarded.
Do not write: The profits have increased slowly.
Write: The profits have slowly increased.
Writing Skills - Criteria
Referencing
The first step towards achieving educational integrity is learning to reference correctly.
Referencing enhances your writing
The marker/reader wants to know that:
You have done relevant reading beyond the text & lecture material
You understand what you have read
You have used readings to strengthen your arguments
You can apply the readings to practical outcomes
You have acknowledged all your sources
Referencing
When Should You Use Citations?
References must be provided whenever you use someone’s ideas, opinions or words.
That is, when you:
quote - use their exact words
copy - use graphs, figures, tables
paraphrase - use their idea in your own words
summarise - give a brief account of their ideas
Referencing
When Should You Use Citations?
Commonly known facts do not need a citation
Look at the following statements. Which one needs a citation?
The moon revolves around the earth.
Sydney is on the east coast of Australia.
Australia’s population will double by 2050
Food is necessary for survival
Referencing
Harvard Style … 2 main steps:
In-Text Citations
In-text citations require:
Author’s surname(s)
A comma
Year of publication
+ page number if a direct quote



No author? The author might be an organisation
(e.g. Commonwealth of Australia; Wikipedia)
In-Text Citations
What to include?
Direct quote of someone else’s work
Author’s last name, publication year, and page number(s) of quote must appear in the text
Summary of someone else’s work
Author’s last name & publication year must appear in the text
Electronic Sources
In-text references do not include the URL. Use the same principles (author, date, page) that you use for other in-text references.
If a Web page has no author, use the organisation or publisher.
If there is no author or organisation use the title of the web page and the date in-text.
If no date, use “n.d.” (no date)
In-Text Citations
There are two styles for citing references:
Author-prominent – gives prominence to the author by using the author’s name as part of the sentence, with the date and page number in brackets.
  Smith (2002, p. 5) has argued that “the relative seriousness of the two kinds of errors differs from situation to situation”.
Information-prominent – gives prominence to the information, with all the details in brackets.
  It has been argued that “the relative seriousness of the two kinds of errors differs from situation to situation” (Smith 2002, p. 5).
Reference List
The reference list is arranged:
alphabetically
at the end of the essay, article or report
on a separate page
only with references that have been referred to in your work
using consistent punctuation and layout
Provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your work.
Each retrievable source cited in the work must appear on the reference page, and vice versa.

Reference List
The details required for a BOOK are:
Surname(s) of author(s), editor(s), compiler(s) or the institution responsible
year of publication
title of publication and subtitle if any
series title and individual volume, if any
edition, if other than the first
publisher
place of publication
page number(s) if applicable
  Lathrop, A & Foss, K 2000, Student cheating and plagiarism in the Internet era: a wake-up call, Libraries Unlimited,  Englewood, Colorado.
Reference List
The details required for an ARTICLE are:
  Callahan, D 2006, ‘On campus: author discusses the cheating culture with college students’, Plagiary: Cross Disciplinary Studies in Plagiarism, Fabrication, and Falsification, vol 1, no. 4, pp.1-8.
Reference List
The details required for WEBSITES are:
  Roberts, T & McInnerney, J 2006, Assessment in higher education: plagiarism, Central Queensland University, viewed 4 April 2006,  <http://ahe.cqu.edu.au/plagiarism.htm>.
Referencing
Putting it all together
… Too many of our managers are good with things but not with people. It is a phenomenon that has been noted all over the world. As Douglas observes of British managers, “…experience shows that there is often an inverse correlation between  the extent of a particular individual’s technical expertise and that person’s ability to manage people” (Douglas 2006, p. 34). Smith (2002) notes that US employers are complaining about graduates who are primarily ‘number-crunchers’ but who communicate poorly with clients and staff. Australian government surveys show that employers across the board are dissatisfied with the abilities of graduates to communicate in team and face-to-face situations (AC Nielsen Research Services 2007; Department of Education, Science and Training 2006).
Referencing
Putting it all together
REFERENCES
AC Nielsen Research Services 2007, Employer satisfaction with graduate skills-research report, Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs, Canberra.
Department of Education, Science and Training 2006, Employability skills for the future, viewed 4 April 2010,  <http://www.dest.gov.au/ty/publications/finalreport.pdf>.
Douglas, M 2006, ‘Why soft skills are an essential part of the hard world of business’, British Journal of Administrative Management, Christmas/New Year, vol 12, no.4, pp.34–5.
Smith, R 2002, ‘The top business schools (a special report) – playing well with others: recruiters say the ‘soft’ skills, such as leadership, communication and the ability to work in teams, are just as important as the hard stuff; and a lot harder to teach’, The Wall Street Journal, p.11.
Referencing
Important Tips
It is not enough to simply add a reference list to the end of an essay or report.
Do not give one reference at the end of a paragraph!
All references in the list must match your in-text references. 
Double-check that you have used a consistent and correct punctuation style in the reference list.
References - Criteria
Final Points
5,000-8,000 words for main report (introduction + body + conclusion)
Body sections do not have to be equal length
Do not try to use all lectures or concepts discussed – pick the most appropriate/useful for your design, or find your own models J
Include at least 2 illustrations
May include more illustrations - not part of page limit
Hand drawn or computer designed … use colour & design principles discussed in class
Use appendices if necessary but don’t overuse
Be a creative and critical thinker - back ideas up with citations
Balance descriptive material (what) with analysis & justification (why & how)
Search broadly for literature on similar types of facilities
Presentation important - make it look professional
Ensure a mix of sources (journal articles, books, websites, reports) – at least 15 for a pass assignment
Get a friend to read over your final draft & double check Guidelines & Criteria before submitting